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(★)(While conflict and disobedience have flourished since the dawn of history, certain societies have been able to mute conflict and make obedience seem natural. In Japan, for example, authority was traditionally a ´given,´ taken for granted as a part of the natural order, and submissiveness to authority is thought to be characteristic of the political culture. The individual, for whom authority represented more of a benevolent and persuasive force than a threatening one, was habituated to obedience and preferred conciliation as a means of conflict resolution. Despite the prevailing reluctance to disturb social harmony, however, Japanese society also has had its history of resistance : in such passive forms as retreatism andnonconformity or in expressive and often violent protest. Rather than having a clearly defined goal, radical political action is often intended to affect others emotionally and awaken them to action. In this volume twelve prominent Japanese scholars and critics discuss political authority in Japan and patterns of obedience and disobedience before and since World War II. They describe how traditional relationships between authority and the individual may be changing and ask what consequences that change may have for Japan´s political development. Part one focuses on prewar authority and protest and three forms of resistance : Christianity, communism, and liberalism. Part two includes analysis and interpretation centering on the ethos, behavior, and political significance of citizen protest in postwar society. This latter part highlights two contrasting conceptions of a foundation for civic action : ´modernism,´ which emphasizes the need to create autonomous citizens who take political stands as individuals ; and ´communalism,´ which stresses the community as a primary vehicle of political participation and resistance. This important collection of essays is essential reading for all students of Japanese history and society and a useful introduction to Japanese political thought for the general reader interested in authority and protest in modern society. ◆J. Victor Koschmann, former associate editor of ´The Japan Interpreter,´ is a doctoral candidate at the University of Chicago. ▼CONTENTS／ ●PREFACE／Introduction : Soft Rule and Expressive Protest (J.Victor Koschmann)／Special Introductory Essay : The Roots of Political Disillusionment : ´Public´ and ´Private´ in Japan (Matsumoto Sannosuke)／ ●PART I : THE INDIVIDUAL AS SUBJECT : PREWAR JAPAN／ ◎Introduction to PART I (J.Victor Koschmann)／ ◎Prewar Authority／The Meiji State, Minponshugi, and Ultranationalism (Kuno Osamu)／ ◎Heterodoxy and Resistance／Japanese Christianity : Between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy (Takeda Kiyoko)／´Theory´ and ´Organization´ in the Japan Communist Party (Matsuzawa Hiroaki)／The ´Civil Society´ Ideal and Wartime Resistance (Hashikawa Bunsoo)／ ●PART II : THE INDIVIDUAL AS CITIZEN : POSTWAR JAPAN／ ◎Introduction to PART II (J.Victor Koschmann)／ ◎Participation and Protest／The Ethics of Peace (Oda Makoto)／Citizen Participation in Historical Perspective (Matsushita Keiichi)／Citizen´s Movements : Organizing the Spontaneous (Takabatake Michitoshi)／Militarism in the Management Society (Kitazawa Masakuni)／The Glory and Misery of ´My Home´ (Tada Michitaroo)／ ◎Community : A Base for Protest／The Controversy over Community and Autonomy (Sakuta Keiichi)／The Survival Struggle of the Japanese Community (Irokawa Daikichi)／) |
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